https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/hardware-and-implants/fracture-fixation-principles https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/external-fixation-1789842812128.webp External fixation External fixation of a mandibular fracture: transcutaneous fixation pins engaging bone on either side of the fracture connected to an external frame, with the mandibular anatomy and dental occlusion shown for orientation. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/hardware-and-implants/lacrimal-stents https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/nasolacrimal-apparatus.webp Three-quarter view of the periorbital region with cutaway of the lacrimal drainage system Three-quarter view of the periorbital region with cutaway of the lacrimal drainage system: superior and inferior puncta, superior and inferior canaliculi, common canaliculus, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal caruncle, orbicularis oculi, and frontal process of the maxilla. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/hardware-and-implants/noncondylar-mandibular-fractures https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/external-fixation-1789842812128.webp External fixation External fixation of a mandibular fracture: transcutaneous fixation pins engaging bone on either side of the fracture connected to an external frame, with the mandibular anatomy and dental occlusion shown for orientation. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/or-anesthesia/mallampati-difficult-airway https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mallampati-classification.webp Mallampati classification Mallampati classification — Class I through IV oropharyngeal views with labeled soft palate, hard palate, uvula, and pillars. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/or-anesthesia/submental-intubation https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/submental-intubation.webp Submental intubation Lateral cutaway showing submental intubation: an endotracheal tube passed through a submental incision into the floor of mouth and oropharynx. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mallampati-classification.webp Mallampati classification Mallampati classification — Class I through IV oropharyngeal views with labeled soft palate, hard palate, uvula, and pillars. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/armamentarium/or-grafts/iliac-crest-harvest https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/anterior-iliac-crest-graft.webp Anterior iliac crest bone graft Three-panel illustration of anterior iliac crest bone graft harvest: surface anatomy, cross-section of the harvested bone block, and intraoperative exposure with the lateral cutaneous branch of the iliohypogastric nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/brodsky https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/brodsky-classification.webp Brodsky classification Brodsky classification of tonsillar hypertrophy — Grades 0 through 4 illustrating the percentage of oropharyngeal width occupied by the tonsils. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/brodsky-classification.jpg Brodsky classification Brodsky classification — Grades 0 through 4 illustrating tonsillar hypertrophy as a percentage of oropharyngeal width. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/brown-maxillectomy-defects https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/brown-classification.webp Brown classification Brown classification of maxillectomy defects — vertical components I–VI and horizontal components a–d shown on lateral skull and palatal views. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/dedo https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/dedo-neck-classification.webp Dedo neck classification Six-panel illustration of the Dedo neck classification: Class I youthful neckline, II skin laxity, III excess adipose, IV platysmal banding, V microgenia/retrognathia, VI low hyoid. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/dedo-neck-classification.jpg Dedo neck classification Dedo neck classification — six classes illustrated on lateral facial profile https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/fujita-scale https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/fujita-classification-1780413502567.webp Fujita classification Fujita classification of upper airway obstruction across three sagittal cross-sections: Type 1 (palate), Type 2 (palate and tongue base), and Type 3 (tongue base). https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/glogau-photoaging https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/glogau-classification-1785083593617.webp Glogau classification Glogau classification of photoaging — Types I through IV showing progressive rhytids, pigmentary change, and keratoses. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/lefort-fracture-classification https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/lefort-fractures.webp Le Fort I, II, and III fracture patterns Six-panel comparison of Le Fort I, II, and III midface fracture patterns in frontal and oblique views, labeling the piriform rim, nasal septum, infraorbital rims, nasofrontal junction, zygomaticofrontal suture, zygomaticomaxillary buttress, orbital walls, zygomatic arch, and pterygoid plates. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/mallampati https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mallampati-classification.webp Mallampati classification Mallampati classification — Class I through IV oropharyngeal views with labeled soft palate, hard palate, uvula, and pillars. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mallampati-classification.jpg Mallampati classification Mallampati classification — Class I through IV oropharyngeal views with labeled soft palate, hard palate, uvula, and pillars. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/mandible-fracture-ao-cmf https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mandibular-fracture-classification.webp Mandibular fracture regions Lateral view of the face with translucent mandible highlighting anatomic fracture regions: symphysis and parasymphysis, body, alveolar, angle and ramus, coronoid, and condylar process and head. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/literature-and-evidence/classifications/neck-levels https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/neck-dissection.webp Cervical lymph node levels for neck dissection Anatomic map of cervical lymph node levels (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA, VB, VI) overlaid on the neck with digastric muscles, hyoid, cricoid, carotids, SCM, internal jugular vein, and submandibular gland labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/images/neck-dissection-levels.jpg Neck dissection levels anatomy illustration showing levels IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA, VB, and VI with anatomical bou Neck dissection levels anatomy illustration showing levels IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA, VB, and VI with anatomical boundaries https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/eyelid-layers https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-anatomy-caucasian-1781096021927.webp Eyelid anatomy (Caucasian) Caucasian eyelid anatomy showing skin, orbicularis oculi, orbital septum, adipose tissue, levator palpebrae superioris and aponeurosis, Müller's muscle, tarsal plate, and conjunctiva. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-anatomy-asian-1781095963907.webp Eyelid anatomy (Asian) Asian eyelid anatomy showing skin, orbicularis oculi, orbital septum, fat pads, levator aponeurosis, tarsal plate, and conjunctiva. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/facial-nerve https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/facial-nerve.webp Facial nerve Lateral view of the facial nerve exiting the stylomastoid foramen and branching at the pes anserinus into temporofacial and cervicofacial divisions, with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches and the posterior auricular nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/lingual-nerve https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lingual-nerve-1784833449952.webp Lingual nerve Course of the lingual nerve in the floor of mouth, crossing beneath Wharton's duct and relating to the third molar region, submandibular gland, and sublingual gland. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/nasal-anatomy-kiesselbach https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/nasal-anatomy-1779563233248.webp Nasal anatomy Nasal anatomy across five views: cartilaginous and bony framework, lateral cartilage mapping, nasal base, arterial supply, and ligamentous anatomy. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/external-nasal-anatomy.webp External nasal anatomy Four-view external nasal anatomy reference: frontal, lateral, oblique, and basal views with tip-defining points, alar landmarks, columella, and nasolabial angle labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/nasolacrimal-apparatus https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/nasolacrimal-apparatus.webp Nasolacrimal apparatus Three-quarter view of the periorbital region with cutaway of the lacrimal drainage system: puncta, canaliculi, common canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. https://maxillofacial.org/images/anatomy/nasolacrimal-apparatus.jpg Nasolacrimal apparatus Nasolacrimal apparatus — superior and inferior puncta, canaliculi, common canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/neck-levels-oncology https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/neck-dissection.webp Cervical lymph node levels for neck dissection Anatomic map of cervical lymph node levels (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA, VB, VI) overlaid on the neck with digastric muscles, hyoid, cricoid, carotids, SCM, internal jugular vein, and submandibular gland labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/general-head-and-neck/sensory-innervation-head-neck https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/facial-sensory-nerve-blocks.webp Facial sensory nerve blocks Facial sensory nerve blocks: cutaneous distribution map and detailed nerve anatomy with supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, zygomaticotemporal/zygomaticofacial, infraorbital, dorsal nasal, V3, mental, transverse cervical, lesser occipital, and great auricular branches labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/grafts-and-free-flaps/aicbg https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/anterior-iliac-crest-graft.webp Anterior iliac crest bone graft Three-panel illustration of anterior iliac crest bone graft harvest: surface anatomy, cross-section of the harvested bone block, and intraoperative exposure with the lateral cutaneous branch of the iliohypogastric nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/illustration-library https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/anterior-iliac-crest-graft.webp Anterior Iliac Crest Graft Three-panel illustration of anterior iliac crest bone graft harvest: surface anatomy of the iliac crest with gluteus medius and maximus, external oblique, tensor fascia lata, and anterior superior iliac spine; cross-section of harvested bone block; and intraoperative view with retractors exposing the iliacus, gluteus medius, and lateral cutaneous branch of the iliohypogastric nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/brodsky-classification.webp Brodsky Classification Brodsky classification of tonsillar hypertrophy — Grades 0 through 4 illustrating the percentage of oropharyngeal width occupied by the tonsils. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/brown-classification.webp Brown Classification Brown classification of maxillectomy defects — vertical components I–VI shown on lateral skull views (maxillectomy without oronasal fistula, not involving the orbit, involving the orbital area with orbital retention, with orbital exenteration, orbitomaxillary defect, nasomaxillary defect) and horizontal components a–d shown on palatal views (palatal defect only, ≤1/2 unilateral, ≤1/2 bilateral or transverse anterior, >1/2 maxillectomy). https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/dedo-neck-classification.webp Dedo Neck Classification Six-panel illustration of the Dedo neck classification on lateral facial profile: Class I youthful neckline, Class II skin laxity, Class III excess adipose, Class IV platysmal banding, Class V microgenia or retrognathia, and Class VI low hyoid bone. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/external-nasal-anatomy.webp External Nasal Anatomy Four-view reference of external nasal anatomy: frontal view labeling the tear trough, supra alar crease, domes (tip defining points), nostril, and philtrum; lateral view labeling the glabella, nasion, nasal bridge, supratip break, tip (lobule), infratip break, alar rim, ala, alar crease, and nasolabial angle; oblique view with directional axes (superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, cranial/cephalic, caudal, dorsal, basal); and basal view labeling the tip defining point, nostril sill, alarfacial groove, soft tissue triangle (facets), and columella. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/facial-nerve.webp Facial Nerve Lateral view of the facial nerve exiting the stylomastoid foramen and branching at the pes anserinus into temporofacial and cervicofacial divisions, with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches and the posterior auricular nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/facial-sensory-nerve-blocks.webp Facial Sensory Nerve Blocks Side-by-side reference for facial sensory nerve blocks: cutaneous distribution map (supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, zygomaticotemporal/zygomaticofacial, infraorbital, dorsal nasal, V3, mental, transverse cervical, lesser occipital, great auricular) and detailed nerve anatomy with named branches. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/hayes-martin-maneuver.webp Hayes-Martin Maneuver Lateral view and magnified surgical field of the Hayes-Martin maneuver: ligation of the facial artery and vein along the inferior border of the mandible to protect the marginal mandibular nerve, with skin, platysma, deep cervical fascia, periosteum, pterygomasseteric sling, submandibular gland, and investing fascia labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/lefort-fractures.webp Le Fort Fractures Six-panel comparison of Le Fort I, II, and III midface fracture patterns in frontal and oblique views, labeling the piriform rim, nasal septum, infraorbital rims, nasofrontal junction, zygomaticofrontal suture, zygomaticomaxillary buttress, medial and lateral orbital walls, zygomatic arch, and pterygoid plates. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mallampati-classification.webp Mallampati Classification Mallampati classification — Class I through IV oropharyngeal views with labeled soft palate, hard palate, uvula, and pillars. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/mandibular-fracture-classification.webp Mandibular Fracture Classification Lateral view of the face with translucent mandible highlighting anatomic fracture regions: symphysis and parasymphysis, body, alveolar area, angle and ramus, coronoid, and condylar process and head. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/nasolacrimal-apparatus.webp Nasolacrimal Apparatus Three-quarter view of the periorbital region with cutaway of the lacrimal drainage system: superior and inferior puncta, superior and inferior canaliculi, common canaliculus, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal caruncle, orbicularis oculi, and frontal process of the maxilla. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/neck-dissection.webp Neck Dissection Anatomic map of cervical lymph node levels (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, III, IV, VA, VB, VI) overlaid on the neck, with key landmarks labeled: digastric muscles, hyoid bone, cricoid, carotids, sternocleidomastoid, internal jugular vein, and submandibular gland. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/paramedian-forehead-flap.webp Paramedian Forehead Flap Three-stage illustration of paramedian forehead flap nasal reconstruction: flap elevation showing supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries with subperiosteal and supraperiosteal dissection, flap inset across the glabellar pivot, and final pedicle division with nasal inset. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/submental-intubation.webp Submental Intubation Lateral cutaway view of the head and neck demonstrating submental intubation: an endotracheal tube passed through a submental incision into the floor of mouth and oropharynx, with adjacent cervical spine, tongue, and airway anatomy. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/weber-ferguson-approach.webp Weber-Ferguson Approach Two-panel illustration of the Weber-Ferguson approach: skin incision markings along the philtrum, alar base, paranasal groove, and subciliary extension (left); and resulting exposure of the maxilla after subperiosteal cheek flap elevation revealing the infraorbital nerve and underlying maxillary bone (right). https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/abbe-flap-1781948103475.webp Abbe Flap This medical illustration demonstrates the stages of an Abbe flap procedure used to reconstruct a defect of the upper lip. The sequence shows flap design on the lower lip, flap transposition to the upper lip defect, temporary pedicle attachment, and the final healed reconstruction. The image provides a visual overview of a classic lip reconstruction technique used in maxillofacial and reconstructive surgery. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-mandible-intraoral-view-1791966479275.webp approaches to the mandible intraoral view An intraoral view illustrating surgical incisions for accessing different regions of the mandible, including the symphysis, body, angle, ramus, and condylar process. The incisions are shown along the lower vestibular mucosa and lateral oral tissues. These approaches provide access to the mandible while avoiding external skin incisions. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-mandible-lateral-view-1791966423093.webp approaches to the mandible lateral view A lateral view of the face and neck showing common extraoral surgical approaches to the mandible. Marked incision sites include the facelift, preauricular, retromandibular, submandibular, and submental approaches. These access routes are used in maxillofacial surgery to reach different regions of the mandible and surrounding structures. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-orbital-floor-1788765522808.webp approaches to the orbital floor This illustration compares common surgical approaches to the orbital floor, including subciliary, subtarsal, rim, and infraorbital incisions. A corresponding cross-sectional view demonstrates their anatomical relationships to the tarsal plates, orbicularis oculi, and retro-orbicularis oculi fat. The image highlights how incision placement relates to the layered anatomy of the lower eyelid and orbit. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/bicoronal-flap-1782984619268.webp Bicoronal Flap A high-resolution medical illustration demonstrating a bicoronal flap dissection with detailed exposure of the temporal region and midface anatomy. The image highlights the temporoparietal fascia, deep temporal fascia, temporalis muscle, superficial and deep temporal fat pads, SMAS, zygomatic arch, and adjacent anatomical structures, with labeled surgical landmarks and tissue layers used in craniofacial and maxillofacial surgery. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/bilobe-flap-1781541459662.webp Bilobe Flap Three-stage surgical education illustration of the bilobe flap technique for nasal reconstruction. Left panel shows preoperative planning with dashed marking lines and red-shaded donor areas indicating the two-lobe flap design and pivot point. Center panel demonstrates flap elevation and transposition with curved arrows showing tissue rotation vectors, and right panel depicts the completed closure with interrupted sutures along all incision lines. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/bony-anatomy-of-head-and-neck-1790761604563.webp Bony anatomy of head and neck An anatomical illustration of the bony structures of the head and neck, showing the skull, facial bones, mandible, hyoid bone, and cervical spine. The lateral and anterior views highlight major cranial and facial bones, along with selected cranial sutures and the auditory ossicles. Labels identify structures including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, zygomatic, lacrimal, palatine, nasal, and mandibular bones. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/buccal-fat-flap-1791453516633.webp buccal fat flap This medical illustration demonstrates a buccal fat flap procedure performed through an intraoral approach. The surgical sequence shows access to the buccal fat pad, mobilization of the fat tissue, and its advancement to cover the adjacent oral defect. The final stage demonstrates fixation of the flap with sutures and closure of the intraoral incision. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/external-fixation-1789842812128.webp External Fixation This medical illustration demonstrates external fixation for mandibular fractures, with fixation pins and an external frame stabilizing the fractured mandible. The exposed mandibular anatomy and dental occlusion illustrate the relationship between the fracture site, fixation hardware, and surrounding facial structures. The image provides a visual reference for understanding the principles of external mandibular stabilization. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-anatomy-asian-1781095963907.webp Eyelid Anatomy - Asian Detailed medical anatomical illustration of the Asian-type eyelid, demonstrating the layered structure of the upper and lower eyelids. The image shows key anatomical structures including the skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, orbital septum, fat pads, levator aponeurosis, tarsal plate, and conjunctiva. On the right, an enlarged cross-section of eyelid tissue is presented with anatomical labels. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-anatomy-caucasian-1781096021927.webp Eyelid Anatomy - Caucasian Highly detailed medical illustration of Caucasian eyelid anatomy with a layered representation of the upper and lower eyelid structures. The image visualizes the skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, orbital septum, adipose tissue, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, LPS aponeurosis, Müller’s muscle, tarsal plate, and conjunctiva. An additional anatomical section on the right shows the internal structure of the eyelid tissues at an enlarged scale. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-gold-platinum-weight-1790329867086.webp Eyelid Gold / Platinum Weight This medical illustration demonstrates upper eyelid gold weight implantation for the treatment of lagophthalmos. The surgical sequence shows exposure of the tarsal plate and levator aponeurosis, placement of a gold weight deep to the orbicularis oculi, and closure of the eyelid incision. The illustration highlights the anatomical relationship between the implanted weight and the eyelid structures involved in eyelid closure. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/fujita-classification-1780413502567.webp Fujita Classification Fujita Classification of upper airway obstruction, shown across three side-profile cross-sections of a female head and neck. Each type highlights a different site of obstruction: Type 1 (palate), Type 2 (palate and tongue base), and Type 3 (tongue base), with the affected areas visually emphasized in each panel. The illustrations combine photorealistic facial anatomy with transparent anatomical overlays to clearly differentiate the three obstruction patterns. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/glogau-classification-1785083593617.webp Glogau Classification Medical illustration demonstrating the Glogau Classification of photoaging, from Type I (no visible wrinkles) to Type IV (advanced photoaging with deep wrinkles at rest). The image compares the progressive clinical appearance of facial aging across the four stages and includes detailed close-up views of skin texture and wrinkle severity. It serves as an educational reference for aesthetic medicine, dermatology, and facial rejuvenation. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/holmlund-hellsing-line-1788765045524.webp holmlund hellsing line This medical illustration demonstrates the Holmlund–Hellsing line, a clinical reference used to localize the temporomandibular joint in relation to the lateral canthus and tragus. The facial profile is shown with the underlying zygomatic arch and mandibular anatomy exposed, together with measured anatomical landmarks and the proposed injection trajectory. The illustration emphasizes the spatial relationship between external facial landmarks and the underlying TMJ region. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/infraorbital-nerve-block-1794217219430.webp infraorbital nerve block This medical illustration demonstrates the infraorbital nerve block, showing the intraoral injection approach and the anatomical course of the infraorbital nerve and its branches. A three-part view highlights the injection site near the infraorbital foramen and the area of the midface affected by the anesthetic. The illustration provides an educational reference for understanding infraorbital nerve block technique and the sensory distribution of the nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/karapandzic-flap-1782295470189.webp Karapandzic Flap Medical illustration showing the stages of lower lip reconstruction using the Karapandzic flap technique. The sequence demonstrates the initial lower lip defect, flap design and mobilization, rotational advancement of the surrounding tissues, and the final postoperative closure with restoration of oral continuity and lip function. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lag-screws-1793880160820.webp Lag screws This anatomical illustration demonstrates the use of lag screws to stabilize a mandibular fracture following surgical reduction. The intraoral surgical view shows screw placement across the fracture line, while the adjacent skeletal model illustrates the fixation screws and maxillomandibular fixation with arch bars and intermaxillary wires. The image provides a visual reference for understanding mandibular fracture fixation and the principles of achieving stable bone compression during healing. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lateral-canthotomy-1784539896792.webp lateral canthotomy Medical illustration demonstrating the steps of a lateral canthotomy procedure. The sequence shows the skin incision at the lateral canthus, release of the inferior limb of the lateral canthal tendon from Whitnall's tubercle, and the final surgical exposure to improve access and orbital decompression. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lingual-nerve-1784833449952.webp lingual nerve Medical illustration of the lingual nerve demonstrating its anatomical course and relationships within the oral cavity and mandible. The image highlights the lingual nerve in relation to the inferior alveolar nerve, submandibular ganglion, tongue, and surrounding muscles, with detailed views of its position in the floor of the mouth. It serves as an educational reference for oral, maxillofacial, and head and neck anatomy. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/maxillomandibular-fixation-1793604476999.webp Maxillomandibular fixation This anatomical illustration presents six methods of maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), including Ivy loops, Risdon wiring, hybrid arch bars, Erich arch bars, MMF screws, and orthodontic brackets. Each technique demonstrates a different approach to stabilizing the maxilla and mandible and maintaining occlusion using wires, screws, or orthodontic hardware. The comparison provides a visual reference for understanding fixation techniques used in the management of maxillofacial fractures and surgical treatment planning. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/muscle-attachments-to-hyoid-1792853762023.webp Muscle attachments to hyoid This anatomical illustration shows the muscles attaching to the hyoid bone, including the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, and hyoglossus muscles. Multiple views highlight the hyoid bone’s greater and lesser horns, muscular attachments, the mylohyoid raphe, and the fibrous loop supporting the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. The detailed anatomical views illustrate the relationships between the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, providing a useful reference for head and neck anatomy education and clinical study. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/nasal-anatomy-1779563233248.webp Nasal Anatomy nasal anatomy educational illustration featuring five views of a female face with layered anatomical overlays: frontal view showing cartilaginous and bony anatomy with labeled upper nasal cartilage, septal cartilage, alar cartilage medial and lateral crus, sesamoid cartilage, and nasion; lateral view mapping cartilaginous structures including nasal bone, ascending process of maxilla, fibrofatty tissue, and anterior septal angle; inferior view detailing the nasal base with medial, intermediate, and lateral crus, footplate, pyramiform aperture, and nasal spine; lateral view of arterial anatomy showing dorsal nasal, infraorbital, angular, facial, lateral nasal, columellar arteries, and arcades; lateral view of ligamentous anatomy with scroll, pynform, intercrural, intercornual ligaments and fibrous attachments. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/parotid-gland-1792343382009.webp parotid gland A lateral view of the parotid gland exposed through a surgical incision, showing the glandular tissue and parotid duct (Stensen’s duct). The temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) are identified in relation to the gland. An accessory parotid gland is also indicated anterior to the main gland, illustrating key anatomical relationships relevant to parotid surgery. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/pinwheel-flap-1789553758117.webp pinwheel flap This medical illustration demonstrates the pinwheel flap technique for scalp reconstruction, shown in a step-by-step surgical sequence. The images depict the design of multiple curvilinear scalp flaps, their elevation and rotation around a central defect, followed by approximation and closure with sutures. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/plunging-ranula-anatomical-1786613849096.webp Plunging ranula anatomical The illustration shows a ranula arising from the sublingual gland, with extension through or around the mylohyoid muscle into the submandibular and submental spaces. It compares the anatomy of a simple ranula with a plunging ranula and identifies the sublingual gland, mylohyoid muscle, digastric muscle, hyoid bone, and adjacent fascial spaces. The image demonstrates how a plunging ranula can extend beyond the floor of the mouth into the upper neck. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/plunging-ranula-clinical-1786613885837.webp Plunging ranula clinical Clinical photographs illustrate the typical intraoral and external appearance of a plunging ranula. A translucent or bluish swelling is visible in the floor of the mouth, with corresponding soft-tissue fullness in the upper neck. The image highlights the relationship between the oral lesion and its extension into the submandibular region. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/preauricular-approach-1788199765275.webp preauricular approach This four-stage surgical sequence illustrates the preauricular approach to the temporomandibular joint, progressing from skin incision and superficial temporal vessels to exposure of the temporal fascia, TMJ capsule, and underlying joint anatomy. The final stage demonstrates exposure of the articular eminence, mandibular condylar head, glenoid fossa, and lateral pterygoid muscle attachment. The illustration highlights the layered anatomy and critical structures encountered during surgical access to the TMJ. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/rhomboid-flap-1781777550740.webp Rhomboid Flap This medical illustration demonstrates the stages of a rhomboid flap procedure used to reconstruct a skin defect on the cheek. The sequence shows flap design, tissue mobilization, flap transposition, and final wound closure with sutures. The image provides a visual overview of a common reconstructive technique used in maxillofacial and plastic surgery. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/scalp-and-temporal-region-anatomy-1783069648379.webp Scalp and Temporal Region Anatomy A detailed medical illustration of the scalp and temporal region anatomy, showing the layered structure of the scalp and the surgical anatomy of the temple in both frontal and sagittal views. The image labels the skin, galea aponeurotica, loose areolar tissue, temporoparietal fascia, deep temporal fascia, temporalis muscle, superficial and deep temporal fat pads, pericranium, and adjacent craniofacial structures, providing an educational reference for anatomy, plastic surgery, and aesthetic medicine. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/skeletal-malocclusions-1779297493691.webp Skeletal Malocclusions Medical illustration showing three classes of skeletal malocclusions in profile view. The image depicts three variants of upper and lower jaw relationships https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/sublingual-abscess-1786613960817.webp Sublingual abscess The illustration demonstrates a sublingual abscess originating from an odontogenic infection that has perforated the lingual cortex of the mandible. The collection is located within the sublingual space above the mylohyoid muscle, with the oral mucosa and adjacent submandibular and submental spaces shown for anatomical context. The accompanying clinical photograph demonstrates the characteristic swelling in the floor of the mouth. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/submandibular-abscess-1786613994755.webp Submandibular abscess The illustration shows an odontogenic infection spreading from a mandibular tooth into the submandibular space after perforation of the lingual cortex. The abscess is depicted beneath the mylohyoid muscle and in relation to the submandibular space, digastric muscle, and hyoid bone. The anatomical cross-section demonstrates the pathway of infection from the dental source into the upper neck. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/submental-abscess-1786614038487.webp Submental abscess The illustration demonstrates a submental abscess caused by an odontogenic infection extending through the lingual cortex of the mandible. The abscess occupies the submental space beneath the mylohyoid muscle and is shown in relation to the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle and the hyoid bone. The anatomical view explains the pathway of infection from a mandibular tooth into the submental space. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/transconjunctival-approach-1783590724570.webp Transconjunctival Approach A detailed medical illustration demonstrating the transconjunctival approach to the lower orbit in four sequential surgical views. The image shows the conjunctival incision, periosteal dissection, exposure of the orbital rim, and access to the lower orbital fat pads, with labeled anatomical structures including the conjunctiva, extraconal fat, periosteum, and orbital rim, serving as an educational reference for oculoplastic and maxillofacial surgery. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/visor-approach-1789111520929.webp Visor Approach This medical illustration demonstrates the visor approach to the lower face and neck, with the platysma reflected to expose the underlying suprahyoid anatomy. Key structures include the facial artery and vein, digastric and mylohyoid muscles, hyoid bone, and the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia. The illustration highlights the layered surgical anatomy of the submandibular and upper neck regions. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/infections/sublingual-space https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/sublingual-abscess-1786613960817.webp Sublingual space abscess Coronal illustration of a sublingual space abscess above the mylohyoid muscle, elevating the floor of mouth and tongue. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/infections/submandibular-space https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/submandibular-abscess-1786613994755.webp Submandibular space abscess Coronal illustration of a submandibular space abscess below the mylohyoid muscle, with swelling at the inferior border of the mandible. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-anatomy/infections/submental-space https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/submental-abscess-1786614038487.webp Submental space abscess Illustration of a submental space abscess between the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles beneath the chin. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/cleft-and-craniofacial/secondary-alveolar-bone-grafting https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/anterior-iliac-crest-graft.webp Three-panel illustration of anterior iliac crest bone graft harvest Three-panel illustration of anterior iliac crest bone graft harvest: surface anatomy of the iliac crest with gluteus medius and maximus, external oblique, tensor fascia lata, and anterior superior iliac spine; cross-section of harvested bone block; and intraoperative view with retractors exposing the iliacus, gluteus medius, and lateral cutaneous branch of the iliohypogastric nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/orthognathic/lacrimal https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/nasolacrimal-apparatus.webp Nasolacrimal apparatus Three-quarter view of the periorbital region with cutaway of the lacrimal drainage system: puncta, canaliculi, common canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/orthognathic/ortho-class-ii-malocclusion https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/skeletal-malocclusions-1779297493691.webp Skeletal malocclusions Three classes of skeletal malocclusion shown in profile, depicting the sagittal relationships of the upper and lower jaws. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/orthognathic/ortho-class-iii-malocclusion https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/skeletal-malocclusions-1779297493691.webp Skeletal malocclusions Three classes of skeletal malocclusion shown in profile, depicting the sagittal relationships of the upper and lower jaws. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/pathology/ranula https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/plunging-ranula-anatomical-1786613849096.webp Plunging ranula Anatomical illustration of a plunging ranula extending from the sublingual gland through a mylohyoid dehiscence into the submandibular space. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/plunging-ranula-clinical-1786613885837.webp Plunging ranula Clinical appearance of a plunging ranula presenting as a soft, painless submandibular neck swelling. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/abbe-flap https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/abbe-flap-1781948103475.webp Abbe flap Stages of an Abbe flap: lower-lip flap design, transposition to the upper-lip defect, temporary pedicle attachment, and final healed reconstruction. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/bilobed-flap https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/bilobe-flap-1781541459662.webp Bilobed flap Three-stage bilobe flap for nasal reconstruction: two-lobe design with pivot point, flap elevation and transposition, and completed closure. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/facial-reanimation-algorithm https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/eyelid-gold-platinum-weight-1790329867086.webp Upper eyelid gold or platinum weight Upper eyelid loading for lagophthalmos showing exposure of the tarsal plate and levator aponeurosis, placement of a gold or platinum weight deep to the orbicularis oculi, and eyelid closure. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/karapandzic-flap https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/karapandzic-flap-1782295470189.webp Karapandzic flap Stages of lower lip reconstruction using the Karapandzic flap: initial defect, flap design and mobilization, rotational advancement, and final closure with restored oral continuity. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/paramedian-forehead-flap https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/paramedian-forehead-flap.webp Paramedian forehead flap Three-stage paramedian forehead flap nasal reconstruction: flap elevation with supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries, flap inset, and final pedicle division with nasal inset. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/rhomboid-limberg-flap https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/rhomboid-flap-1781777550740.webp Rhomboid (Limberg) flap Stages of a rhomboid flap on the cheek: flap design, tissue mobilization, transposition, and final wound closure with sutures. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/scalp-local-flaps https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/pinwheel-flap-1789553758117.webp Pinwheel flap Step-by-step pinwheel flap for scalp reconstruction: design of multiple curvilinear flaps around a central defect, elevation and rotation of each flap, and final approximation with sutures. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/reconstruction/scalp-reconstruction-algorithm https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/pinwheel-flap-1789553758117.webp Pinwheel flap Step-by-step pinwheel flap for scalp reconstruction: design of multiple curvilinear flaps around a central defect, elevation and rotation of each flap, and final approximation with sutures. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-coronal https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/bicoronal-flap-1782984619268.webp Bicoronal flap dissection Bicoronal flap dissection showing the temporoparietal fascia, deep temporal fascia, temporalis muscle, superficial and deep temporal fat pads, SMAS, and zygomatic arch. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/scalp-and-temporal-region-anatomy-1783069648379.webp Scalp and temporal region anatomy Scalp and temporal region anatomy illustration showing the layered soft tissue and fascial planes of the temporal region. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-hayes-martin-maneuver https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/hayes-martin-maneuver.webp Hayes-Martin maneuver Hayes-Martin maneuver: ligation of the facial artery and vein along the inferior border of the mandible to protect the marginal mandibular nerve, with adjacent fascial layers labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-preauricular-tmj https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/preauricular-approach-1788199765275.webp Preauricular approach Preauricular approach to the temporomandibular joint showing the incision design, dissection planes, and protection of the temporal branch of the facial nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-subciliary https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-orbital-floor-1788765522808.webp Approaches to the orbital floor Comparison of surgical approaches to the orbital floor — subciliary, subtarsal, rim, and infraorbital incisions with a cross-sectional view showing their relationships to the tarsal plates, orbicularis oculi, and retro-orbicularis oculi fat. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-subtarsal https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-orbital-floor-1788765522808.webp Approaches to the orbital floor Comparison of surgical approaches to the orbital floor — subciliary, subtarsal, rim, and infraorbital incisions with a cross-sectional view showing their relationships to the tarsal plates, orbicularis oculi, and retro-orbicularis oculi fat. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-transcervical-mandible https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/visor-approach-1789111520929.webp Visor approach Visor approach to the lower face and neck with the platysma reflected to expose the suprahyoid anatomy, including the facial artery and vein, digastric and mylohyoid muscles, hyoid bone, and superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-transconjunctival https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/transconjunctival-approach-1783590724570.webp Transconjunctival approach Transconjunctival approach to the lower orbit in four sequential surgical views: conjunctival incision, periosteal dissection, exposure of the orbital rim, and access to the lower orbital fat pads, with the conjunctiva, extraconal fat, periosteum, and orbital rim labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-orbital-floor-1788765522808.webp Approaches to the orbital floor Comparison of surgical approaches to the orbital floor — subciliary, subtarsal, rim, and infraorbital incisions with a cross-sectional view showing their relationships to the tarsal plates, orbicularis oculi, and retro-orbicularis oculi fat. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-approaches/approach-weber-ferguson https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/weber-ferguson-approach.webp Weber-Ferguson approach Two-panel Weber-Ferguson approach: skin incision markings (philtrum, alar base, paranasal groove, subciliary extension) and subsequent exposure of the maxilla and infraorbital nerve. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/surgical-infections/submandibular-sublingual-id https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/submandibular-abscess-1786613994755.webp Submandibular space abscess Coronal illustration of a submandibular space abscess below the mylohyoid muscle, with swelling at the inferior border of the mandible. https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/sublingual-abscess-1786613960817.webp Sublingual space abscess Coronal illustration of a sublingual space abscess above the mylohyoid muscle, elevating the floor of mouth and tongue. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/tmj/arthrocentesis-vs-arthroscopy-vs-open https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/holmlund-hellsing-line-1788765045524.webp Holmlund Holmlund–Hellsing line for localizing the temporomandibular joint: measurements from the lateral canthus to the tragus with the underlying zygomatic arch, condyle, and the puncture trajectory for arthrocentesis shown. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/atrophic-mandible-fracture https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/external-fixation-1789842812128.webp External fixation External fixation of a mandibular fracture: transcutaneous fixation pins engaging bone on either side of the fracture connected to an external frame, with the mandibular anatomy and dental occlusion shown for orientation. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/le-fort-fracture-recognition https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/lefort-fractures.webp Le Fort I, II, and III fracture patterns Six-panel comparison of Le Fort I, II, and III midface fracture patterns in frontal and oblique views, labeling the piriform rim, nasal septum, infraorbital rims, nasofrontal junction, zygomaticofrontal suture, zygomaticomaxillary buttress, orbital walls, zygomatic arch, and pterygoid plates. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/nerve-blocks-face-mouth https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/facial-sensory-nerve-blocks.webp Facial sensory nerve blocks Facial sensory nerve blocks: cutaneous distribution map and detailed nerve anatomy with supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, lacrimal, zygomaticotemporal/zygomaticofacial, infraorbital, dorsal nasal, V3, mental, transverse cervical, lesser occipital, and great auricular branches labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/orbital-floor-repair-vs-observe https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/approaches-to-the-orbital-floor-1788765522808.webp Approaches to the orbital floor Comparison of surgical approaches to the orbital floor — subciliary, subtarsal, rim, and infraorbital incisions with a cross-sectional view showing their relationships to the tarsal plates, orbicularis oculi, and retro-orbicularis oculi fat. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/parotid-facial-nerve-injury https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/hayes-martin-maneuver.webp Lateral view and magnified surgical field of the Hayes-Martin maneuver Lateral view and magnified surgical field of the Hayes-Martin maneuver: ligation of the facial artery and vein along the inferior border of the mandible to protect the marginal mandibular nerve, with skin, platysma, deep cervical fascia, periosteum, pterygomasseteric sling, submandibular gland, and investing fascia labeled. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/retrobulbar-hemorrhage https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lateral-canthotomy-1784539896792.webp Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis technique: crushing the lateral canthus, horizontal canthotomy incision, and release of the inferior crus of the lateral canthal tendon. https://maxillofacial.org/reference/surgical-management/trauma/retrobulbar-hemorrhage-emergency https://maxillofacial.org/images/illustrations/library/lateral-canthotomy-1784539896792.webp Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis Lateral canthotomy and inferior cantholysis technique: crushing the lateral canthus, horizontal canthotomy incision, and release of the inferior crus of the lateral canthal tendon.